Coming Out Of The Dark...puerto Rican Genealogy

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But so does the fact that Puerto Rico, which in political terms, and reality, is a U.S. Colony, that can't get aid from other countries, without that aid first coming here, thanks to Jones Act (that he apparently waved earlier this morning). We can't even fathom the extent of the devastation and probably won't for months to come. What is in the National Archives Catalog? The National Archives Catalog vs. Online Genealogy Databases The Catalog is keyword searchable like many genealogy databases. You can narrow searches with filters. The Catalog allows you to search for records in all NARA facilities – not just selected databases. The current focus is on breadth of NARA's holdings (at the series level) and not. Puerto Rican and Cuban Rosario Dawson is truly an inspiring Latina. The actress, singer, and writer has appeared in major blockbusters like Sin City, Eagle Eye, and Men in Black. Sep 12, 2017 - Genealogy Slave Records in Puerto Rico c. See more ideas about slaves, puerto rico, records.

• Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Sites
• Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Site
• Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Society
• Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Ancestry

Between the 1930s and the 1970s, approximately one-third of the female population of Puerto Rico was sterilized, making it highest rate of sterilization in the world. Despite the high rate of sterilizations, the dark history of these operations remains understudied and hidden in the shadows of history. Some argue that the pressure to increase sterilization procedures was a targeted practice to decrease the high level of poverty and unemployment. The government blamed these issues on overpopulation on the island. The legalization of contraception in Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rican government's passage of a law allowing sterilization to be conducted at the discretion of a eugenics board both occurred in 1937. Soon after the legal change, a program endorsed by the U.S. government began sending health department officials to rural parts of the island advocating for sterilization. By 1946, postpartum sterilizations happened frequently in various Puerto Rican hospitals. However, a year later, a study found that a quarter of women who had been sterilized regretted the decision (Bauza). Catholics and nationalists fought against the sterilizations in the 1950s, eventually resulting in the law being repealed in 1960.

Sterilization was so common that it was simply referred to as 'la operación' (the operation). The 1982 documentary of the same name reveals the controversial history of family planning in Puerto Rico and its role in the political and economic development of the island. The Puerto Rican and U.S. government wanted to make Puerto Rico more modern and economically successful. Rooted in the idea that Puerto Rico was overpopulated, there was a dual faceted plan to increase national success.The first part of the plan in the 1940s-1960s was to promote migration to New York and other parts of the United States. The second aspect entailed the promotion of sterilization as the best form of birth control for the majority of women and an imposed limit of children per family. At the same time, women were being encouraged to join the workforce primarily in the needlework and textile industries. Sterilization efforts were so prevalent that they were integrated into women's work lives. Family planning clinics could be found in factories that provided free sterilization thanks to a USAID grant. Through this program, Puerto Rican women became the guinea pigs for U.S. pharmaceutical companies who were developing the modern birth control pill (Falicov).

Though the procedures were presented to women as free forms of reliable family planning, frequently women did not have all of the information and later regretted being sterilized. One study found that, of the sterilizations that took place between 1954-1982, 21% of women felt some regret for having the operations and 11% felt definite regret for having been sterilized. The reasons for regretting the decision show the pressure surrounding these procedures. Some reasons for regret include: they were under age 25 at the time of the operation, having no daughters, husband or physician having decided on sterilization, sterilization failure, and living with a new partner (Boring).

Population control targeted toward Latinos was not only prevalent in Puerto Rico. Forced sterilization was also common in California. The film No Más Bebés tells the story of Mexican American women who were sterilized while giving birth in Los Angeles during the 1960s and 1970s. The case of Madrigal vs. Quilligan was a federal class action lawsuit in which these women fought back after being sterilized without informed consent or under duress. Dolores Madrigal, one of the 10 plaintiffs in the case, was told her sterilization could easily be reversed. Jovita Rivera and Georgina Hernández said they were pressured into agreeing to the procedure after being intensely criticized by doctors and nurses for being poor and having children. These stark stories from the Los Angeles County U.S.C. Medical Center are haunting, especially the story of Levina Hernandez who did not find out that she had been sterilized until years after her son was born. At the heart of the case was the question of whether women were coerced into being sterilized and if so, if latinas were targeted. At the end of the trial in 1978, the judge ruled that neither of the charges were true, citing 'misunderstandings' due to the fact the women primarily spoke Spanish. The judge blamed their distress from the procedure on 'cultural background' that made these women believe that their worth was in their ability to have children. Another cause of the decision was that voluntary informed consent was not a legal requirement until 1974, after the case was decided. At the time of the procedures, there were no serious legal objections to asking women to consent to an irreversible procedure while she was in the middle of labor (Valdes).

Though the Latina women did not win the case, Madrigal changed state laws and helped to solidify the careers of various Latino politicians. Other legal changes in California stemming from the case included the institution of a72-hour waiting period and Spanish-language materials on sterilization. The state legislature also repealed the sterilization law from 1909 which had allowed for 20,000 non consensual procedures (Valdes). In both the cases, Latina women were targeted for sterilization procedures in ways that were either aided by the U.S. government or permitted by loose legal restrictions on the procedure.

Sudoku is a fun puzzle game once you get the hang of it. At the same time, learning to play Sudoku can be a bit intimidating for beginners. So, if you are a complete beginner, here are a few Sudoku tips that you can use to improve your Sudoku skills. Tip 1: Look for rows, columns of 3×3 sections that contain 5 or more numbers. Sudoku unblocked definitely not a game site gratis. Sudoku is a fun puzzle game with plenty of potential, it's an original game everyone plays to this day, in the paper, at home, on their phone whilst they're out. Definitely no games on this site. If you're looking for a way to play games at school or work where it is blocked, this site is definitely not where you should be looking. You especially wouldn't want to browse this page because it's not a list of all the games available on this site. That would be silly. There are no unblocked games on this site. Every Sudoku has a unique solution that can be reached logically. Enter numbers into the blank spaces so that each row, column and 3x3 box contains the numbers 1 to 9 without repeats. Play Offline with Web Sudoku Deluxe Download for Windows and Mac. Create your own Sudoku Ebook. Web Sudoku for Android and iPad: Syndication Books Widget.

References:

Bauza, Vanessa. 'Puerto Rico: The Covert Campaign to Sterilize Women.' MS [new series] 5, no. 2 (September/October 1994):14

Boring, Catherine Chase. 'Factors Associated with Sterilization Regret Among Puerto Rican Women.' Master's thesis, Emory University, 1986.

Falicov, T. (n.d.). La operación (1982). Retrieved October 30, 2017, from http://www.filmandhistory.org/documentary/women/operacion.php

Valdes, M. (2016, February 01). When Doctors Took ‘Family Planning' Into Their Own Hands. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/01/magazine/when-doctors-took-family-pla..

• 6Puerto Rico Records
• 7Records to Search in the Country of Arrival
  • 7.1Vital Records

Finding the Town of Origin[edit | edit source]

In order to research your family in Puerto Rico, it is essential that you have identified the place where they came from. You must know the city, town, or parish that they came from. A few records are indexed, but many records will require going directly to photocopied local records, which are only available by town name. it will be difficult to identify the place of origin by going directly to dutch sources. Therefore, you will need to search in United States (or other country of arrival) sources first.

Important Tips[edit | edit source]

Before you can begin to search in the records of Puerto Rico you must find that one record that gives the name of his or her hometown. You must also know enough about the ancestor to positively identify him in the records. Dates (even if they are approximate), places, and familial connections are key to helping you decide if a person you find, who has the same name as your ancestor, really is your ancestor.

• Do you know the name of his/her parents?
• Do you know his/her birth, marriage, or death date or can you calculate an approximate range of years to search for his/her birth, marriage, or death?
• Do you know the name of the spouse? Did they marry before or after coming to the United States?
  
• Do you know the names of any of his/her siblings?
• Do you know the names of any children born in Puerto Rico?

Documents in the Home[edit | edit source]

Often the document you need to pinpoint the place of origin of your ancestor from Puerto Rico is already found at home. These might include the following:

• Birth certificates
• Marriage certificates or licenses
• Death certificates
• Obituaries
• Funeral cards
• Journals
• Photographs
• Letters
• Family Bible
• Naturalization papers
• Citizenship papers
• Military service records

Emigration Questions to Ask Relatives[edit | edit source]

Find the oldest living relatives that you can and ask them:

1. What do you know about our first ancestor to come from Puerto Rico? (open-ended)
2. Have you ever heard mention of towns in Puerto Rico where the family lived?
3. Do you have contact with any relatives in Puerto Rico?
4. Do you have contact with other branches of the family in the U.S.?
5. When _____________ came from Puerto Rico, did he travel with other family members?
6. Do you know when _________________ arrived and which port city?
7. Did _______________ever become a citizen?
8. Did_________________fight in World War I or II?
9. When they first came, were there already family members here who they joined?
10. Did_______________ever mention their parents in Puerto Rico?
11. Were they Catholic?
12. Do you have any old letters or postcards from your Puerto Rico family?
13. Do you have any pictures of family members in Puerto Rico?

Search Genealogies Compiled by Others[edit | edit source]

Puerto Rico Records[edit | edit source]

Civil Registration[edit | edit source]

• Puerto Rico, Civil Registration, 1805-2001 - at FamilySearch. Partial index, images, incomplete.

Births, marriages, deaths, indexes and other records created by civil registration offices in Puerto Rico. Some records may date prior to 1885 as a few municipalities began civil registration before that date. Some of these records have been indexed and are searchable as part of this collection.

• Many names will be very common, so be careful about accepting the first entry with the same name. Look for other facts that prove the identity--the same birthdate of birthplace, the same parents, et.
• If you don't see a great match, don't accept a partial match. The exact record you need may not have been indexed yet.
• If you know the town, you can browse the actual images to find the record, if it has not been indexed yet.

Example: Here is the information, both the index entry and the original record. The original record will give more information, notably here the father's and grandfathers' names.

U.S. Census of Puerto Rico[edit | edit source]

There are indexed U. S. census records for Puerto Rico online from 1900 to 1940. The 1900 census, however, only lists U.S. military servicemen. If your ancestors were living in Puerto Rico during this time, find them in every possible census. You will thus identify the exact town they lived in at that time.

• Censuses can be accessed online. Links to both free and subscription websites are found at United States Census Online Genealogy Records.

Example: This census entry for Maria Elena Cruz gives also her parents' names(Fernando Cruz and Guiliermina Rivera), and two of her sisters (Hortensia and Alexandrina). It shows that in 1921 the family was living in Hato Puerco, Loiza, Puerto Rico.

Records to Search in the Country of Arrival[edit | edit source]

Vital Records[edit | edit source]

Vital records, or civil birth, marriage, and death records document important events in an ancestor's life. Many states have posted statewide indexes on the Internet. Understand that any birth, marriage, or death certificate gives information about other people besides the primary person it is about

• 1. It is important to remember that a birth certificate for a child might tell it's parents' birthplaces.
• 2. Marriage certificates might name birth dates and places of the bride and groom. They might also give the names and birth places of the parents of the bride and groom.
• 3. Death certificates are very important. Birth and marriage certificates might not have kept by a state during the earlier years of your ancestor's life. There is a greater chance that your ancestor died after detailed record-keeping began. Death certificates frequently state birth date and place. They also state the names of parents and their birth places.

Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Sites

Mainland U.S. Records[edit | edit source]

There are wiki articles giving details on how to find vital records of each state.

• You can select the state of interest and the record (birth, marriage, or death) from this list: How-To Articles.
• Many records may be online. See U.S. Online Genealogy Records by State, for online vital record databases.
  

Cemetery Records[edit | edit source]

Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Site

Websites such as FindAGrave and Billion Graves are making it easier to get information from headstones, which frequently give birth dates, and occasionally give birth places. Each state has additional collections of cemetery records. See U.S. Online Genealogy Records by State for links to other online cemetery records. Every state also has a Cemetery topic page you can search, for example, California Cemeteries, Washington Cemeteries. etc.

Example: This FindAGrave record gives the Puerto Rico birth date and place. The attached obituary names his wife and children.

Obituaries[edit | edit source]

Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Society

Obituaries are an excellent source of biographical information about immigrants. In addition to names and death dates, you can learn about surviving family members, church affiliations, spouses, parents, occupations, burial places, and hometowns in the old country. Even if a place of origin is not given, an obituary may provide additional research clues, such as the date or ship of immigration or traveling companions. Much of this information cannot be found in other sources. For many immigrants, an obituary is the only 'biographical sketch' ever written about them. See U.S. Online Genealogy Records by State for links to online obituary collections. If the town of death is known, Google newspapers in that town and contact them to see if they kept archives of their obituaries.

Example

Social Security[edit | edit source]

• The application for the Social Security card may also contain a town of birth. These records are available for deceased individuals who died after 1935 when Social Security began.
  • U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014($)
  • U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007, Incomplete, ($).
• The Social Security Applications and Claims Index does not cover every application--it has sort of an eclectic mix of what got included. If you find your ancestor in the Social Security Death Index but not in the Social Security Applications and Claims Index, you can send away for a copy of the application.

Example

Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Ancestry

Military Records[edit | edit source]

Though the procedures were presented to women as free forms of reliable family planning, frequently women did not have all of the information and later regretted being sterilized. One study found that, of the sterilizations that took place between 1954-1982, 21% of women felt some regret for having the operations and 11% felt definite regret for having been sterilized. The reasons for regretting the decision show the pressure surrounding these procedures. Some reasons for regret include: they were under age 25 at the time of the operation, having no daughters, husband or physician having decided on sterilization, sterilization failure, and living with a new partner (Boring).

Population control targeted toward Latinos was not only prevalent in Puerto Rico. Forced sterilization was also common in California. The film No Más Bebés tells the story of Mexican American women who were sterilized while giving birth in Los Angeles during the 1960s and 1970s. The case of Madrigal vs. Quilligan was a federal class action lawsuit in which these women fought back after being sterilized without informed consent or under duress. Dolores Madrigal, one of the 10 plaintiffs in the case, was told her sterilization could easily be reversed. Jovita Rivera and Georgina Hernández said they were pressured into agreeing to the procedure after being intensely criticized by doctors and nurses for being poor and having children. These stark stories from the Los Angeles County U.S.C. Medical Center are haunting, especially the story of Levina Hernandez who did not find out that she had been sterilized until years after her son was born. At the heart of the case was the question of whether women were coerced into being sterilized and if so, if latinas were targeted. At the end of the trial in 1978, the judge ruled that neither of the charges were true, citing 'misunderstandings' due to the fact the women primarily spoke Spanish. The judge blamed their distress from the procedure on 'cultural background' that made these women believe that their worth was in their ability to have children. Another cause of the decision was that voluntary informed consent was not a legal requirement until 1974, after the case was decided. At the time of the procedures, there were no serious legal objections to asking women to consent to an irreversible procedure while she was in the middle of labor (Valdes).

Though the Latina women did not win the case, Madrigal changed state laws and helped to solidify the careers of various Latino politicians. Other legal changes in California stemming from the case included the institution of a72-hour waiting period and Spanish-language materials on sterilization. The state legislature also repealed the sterilization law from 1909 which had allowed for 20,000 non consensual procedures (Valdes). In both the cases, Latina women were targeted for sterilization procedures in ways that were either aided by the U.S. government or permitted by loose legal restrictions on the procedure.

Sudoku is a fun puzzle game once you get the hang of it. At the same time, learning to play Sudoku can be a bit intimidating for beginners. So, if you are a complete beginner, here are a few Sudoku tips that you can use to improve your Sudoku skills. Tip 1: Look for rows, columns of 3×3 sections that contain 5 or more numbers. Sudoku unblocked definitely not a game site gratis. Sudoku is a fun puzzle game with plenty of potential, it's an original game everyone plays to this day, in the paper, at home, on their phone whilst they're out. Definitely no games on this site. If you're looking for a way to play games at school or work where it is blocked, this site is definitely not where you should be looking. You especially wouldn't want to browse this page because it's not a list of all the games available on this site. That would be silly. There are no unblocked games on this site. Every Sudoku has a unique solution that can be reached logically. Enter numbers into the blank spaces so that each row, column and 3x3 box contains the numbers 1 to 9 without repeats. Play Offline with Web Sudoku Deluxe Download for Windows and Mac. Create your own Sudoku Ebook. Web Sudoku for Android and iPad: Syndication Books Widget.

References:

Bauza, Vanessa. 'Puerto Rico: The Covert Campaign to Sterilize Women.' MS [new series] 5, no. 2 (September/October 1994):14

Boring, Catherine Chase. 'Factors Associated with Sterilization Regret Among Puerto Rican Women.' Master's thesis, Emory University, 1986.

Falicov, T. (n.d.). La operación (1982). Retrieved October 30, 2017, from http://www.filmandhistory.org/documentary/women/operacion.php

Valdes, M. (2016, February 01). When Doctors Took ‘Family Planning' Into Their Own Hands. Retrieved October 30, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/01/magazine/when-doctors-took-family-pla..

• 6Puerto Rico Records
• 7Records to Search in the Country of Arrival
  • 7.1Vital Records

Finding the Town of Origin[edit | edit source]

In order to research your family in Puerto Rico, it is essential that you have identified the place where they came from. You must know the city, town, or parish that they came from. A few records are indexed, but many records will require going directly to photocopied local records, which are only available by town name. it will be difficult to identify the place of origin by going directly to dutch sources. Therefore, you will need to search in United States (or other country of arrival) sources first.

Important Tips[edit | edit source]

Before you can begin to search in the records of Puerto Rico you must find that one record that gives the name of his or her hometown. You must also know enough about the ancestor to positively identify him in the records. Dates (even if they are approximate), places, and familial connections are key to helping you decide if a person you find, who has the same name as your ancestor, really is your ancestor.

• Do you know the name of his/her parents?
• Do you know his/her birth, marriage, or death date or can you calculate an approximate range of years to search for his/her birth, marriage, or death?
• Do you know the name of the spouse? Did they marry before or after coming to the United States?
  
• Do you know the names of any of his/her siblings?
• Do you know the names of any children born in Puerto Rico?

Documents in the Home[edit | edit source]

Often the document you need to pinpoint the place of origin of your ancestor from Puerto Rico is already found at home. These might include the following:

• Birth certificates
• Marriage certificates or licenses
• Death certificates
• Obituaries
• Funeral cards
• Journals
• Photographs
• Letters
• Family Bible
• Naturalization papers
• Citizenship papers
• Military service records

Emigration Questions to Ask Relatives[edit | edit source]

Find the oldest living relatives that you can and ask them:

1. What do you know about our first ancestor to come from Puerto Rico? (open-ended)
2. Have you ever heard mention of towns in Puerto Rico where the family lived?
3. Do you have contact with any relatives in Puerto Rico?
4. Do you have contact with other branches of the family in the U.S.?
5. When _____________ came from Puerto Rico, did he travel with other family members?
6. Do you know when _________________ arrived and which port city?
7. Did _______________ever become a citizen?
8. Did_________________fight in World War I or II?
9. When they first came, were there already family members here who they joined?
10. Did_______________ever mention their parents in Puerto Rico?
11. Were they Catholic?
12. Do you have any old letters or postcards from your Puerto Rico family?
13. Do you have any pictures of family members in Puerto Rico?

Search Genealogies Compiled by Others[edit | edit source]

Puerto Rico Records[edit | edit source]

Civil Registration[edit | edit source]

• Puerto Rico, Civil Registration, 1805-2001 - at FamilySearch. Partial index, images, incomplete.

Births, marriages, deaths, indexes and other records created by civil registration offices in Puerto Rico. Some records may date prior to 1885 as a few municipalities began civil registration before that date. Some of these records have been indexed and are searchable as part of this collection.

• Many names will be very common, so be careful about accepting the first entry with the same name. Look for other facts that prove the identity--the same birthdate of birthplace, the same parents, et.
• If you don't see a great match, don't accept a partial match. The exact record you need may not have been indexed yet.
• If you know the town, you can browse the actual images to find the record, if it has not been indexed yet.

Example: Here is the information, both the index entry and the original record. The original record will give more information, notably here the father's and grandfathers' names.

U.S. Census of Puerto Rico[edit | edit source]

There are indexed U. S. census records for Puerto Rico online from 1900 to 1940. The 1900 census, however, only lists U.S. military servicemen. If your ancestors were living in Puerto Rico during this time, find them in every possible census. You will thus identify the exact town they lived in at that time.

• Censuses can be accessed online. Links to both free and subscription websites are found at United States Census Online Genealogy Records.

Example: This census entry for Maria Elena Cruz gives also her parents' names(Fernando Cruz and Guiliermina Rivera), and two of her sisters (Hortensia and Alexandrina). It shows that in 1921 the family was living in Hato Puerco, Loiza, Puerto Rico.

Records to Search in the Country of Arrival[edit | edit source]

Vital Records[edit | edit source]

Vital records, or civil birth, marriage, and death records document important events in an ancestor's life. Many states have posted statewide indexes on the Internet. Understand that any birth, marriage, or death certificate gives information about other people besides the primary person it is about

• 1. It is important to remember that a birth certificate for a child might tell it's parents' birthplaces.
• 2. Marriage certificates might name birth dates and places of the bride and groom. They might also give the names and birth places of the parents of the bride and groom.
• 3. Death certificates are very important. Birth and marriage certificates might not have kept by a state during the earlier years of your ancestor's life. There is a greater chance that your ancestor died after detailed record-keeping began. Death certificates frequently state birth date and place. They also state the names of parents and their birth places.

Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Sites

Mainland U.S. Records[edit | edit source]

There are wiki articles giving details on how to find vital records of each state.

• You can select the state of interest and the record (birth, marriage, or death) from this list: How-To Articles.
• Many records may be online. See U.S. Online Genealogy Records by State, for online vital record databases.
  

Cemetery Records[edit | edit source]

Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Site

Websites such as FindAGrave and Billion Graves are making it easier to get information from headstones, which frequently give birth dates, and occasionally give birth places. Each state has additional collections of cemetery records. See U.S. Online Genealogy Records by State for links to other online cemetery records. Every state also has a Cemetery topic page you can search, for example, California Cemeteries, Washington Cemeteries. etc.

Example: This FindAGrave record gives the Puerto Rico birth date and place. The attached obituary names his wife and children.

Obituaries[edit | edit source]

Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Society

Obituaries are an excellent source of biographical information about immigrants. In addition to names and death dates, you can learn about surviving family members, church affiliations, spouses, parents, occupations, burial places, and hometowns in the old country. Even if a place of origin is not given, an obituary may provide additional research clues, such as the date or ship of immigration or traveling companions. Much of this information cannot be found in other sources. For many immigrants, an obituary is the only 'biographical sketch' ever written about them. See U.S. Online Genealogy Records by State for links to online obituary collections. If the town of death is known, Google newspapers in that town and contact them to see if they kept archives of their obituaries.

Example

Social Security[edit | edit source]

• The application for the Social Security card may also contain a town of birth. These records are available for deceased individuals who died after 1935 when Social Security began.
  • U.S., Social Security Death Index, 1935-2014($)
  • U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007, Incomplete, ($).
• The Social Security Applications and Claims Index does not cover every application--it has sort of an eclectic mix of what got included. If you find your ancestor in the Social Security Death Index but not in the Social Security Applications and Claims Index, you can send away for a copy of the application.

Example

Coming Out Of The Dark.puerto Rican Genealogy Ancestry

Military Records[edit | edit source]

Draft records for World War I and II ask for birth place, which can be listed as just Puerto Rico or in greater detail.

• U.S. WW I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 Index and images.
• U.S. WW I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 Indexes and images. ($)
• U.S., World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942, ($), index and images
• United States, World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942 Images with partial index.
• U.S., Alien Draft Registrations, Selected States, 1940-1946,($), index and images.

Passport Applications[edit | edit source]

• U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925, ($), index and images

Example: This passport application gives the birthdate, the Puerto Rico birthplace, the father's name, and the father's birthplace.